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Developing Your Business Joseph Leoni Transport. Correspondence Exploration Paper For an organization to arrive at universal status the firm’s establishment must be unshakable. When you have effectively begun your business and keep on keeping up the business the following stage is to develop the business. Developing the business is basic to going worldwide with the business for two or three reasons. One explanation is that the costs alone for going global are significant. Your business needs to go from being productive to extremely worthwhile so as to possess all the necessary qualities for abroad expenses. The subsequent explanation developing your business is significant before going worldwide has to do with the organizations achievement equation. What occurs if your business begins blasting abroad at a surprising? With a comprehension of how to develop your business here in the U.S. you will have the option to replicate the effective equation abroad also. Before steps are taken to begin developing the organization it’s significant that the organization be as effective as could be expected under the circumstances. This implies an extremely explanatory perspective on the organizations activities should be tended to. Where can the organization cut back on costs without harming the organization? Are there any redundancies? Cut back any superfluous costs that appear to be fit, however remember your workers confidence can be influenced by these progressions which will as a result hurt the organization. Likewise ask what, assuming any, advancements you can actualize to improve your net revenue. New innovation is continually coming out and it’s as a rule the organizations that best execute it that excel and look after productivity. When all the abundance spending and redundancies are fixed it’s time to take a gander at the various prospects as there is in every case more than one method of accomplishing something. With an effectively maintaine... ... rising another appraisal like the first is proposed. With development of the business comes new factors and changes to the organization consequently viably changing the organization. Return again to cut superfluous spending, remembering representative assurance. Diversifying your business can be an extremely remunerating adventure particularly if your business achievement recipe has been attempted and attempted once more. Diversifying can likewise be your way into the worldwide market despite the fact that it relies upon every organizations needs. Food and purchaser organizations typically do very well as the recipe can be copied without any problem. Administration organizations are as yet conceivable to establishment yet progressively troublesome as they for the most part require individuals with unique aptitudes or preparing to take care of business. As a rule, diversifying your business will prompt expanded incomes in light of the fact that the clients for the item or administration as of now exist.

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Managing Communication, Knowledge and Information free essay sample

Bradford College of Management Unit 16: Managing Communications, Knowledge and Information Candidate Name:. Competitor ID: Date of Issues: 23rd May 2011 Date of Submission: 07 July 2011 Receiver signature:.. date:. - Assessor Comments: Assessor Grade: pass/Refer Internal Verifier Grade: Pass/Refer External Verifier Comments: Outer Verifier Comments :. . Significant Noteâ : * Candidates endeavoring to increase uncalled for focal points or intriguing in any capacity at all are subject to be precluded. * Authors ‘work which is utilized in your task and not referenced is written falsification. Counterfeiting is an offense. * Always reference your work effectively as it is essential piece of your task and you may lose grade focuses for inaccurate referencing. Bradford College of Management Unit 3: Strategic Change Management Assignment Questions Introduction The course is evaluated by a solitary task which plans to give applicants the chance to show their insight and comprehension of Managing Communications, Knowledge and Information. In this task you are required to exhibit an adequate degree of information and proceed with your examination for additional subtleties if essential. It covers both hypothetical and reasonable parts of this unit and manages all learning results and their appraisal models as given beneath. Learning Outcomes | Assessment Criteria to be secured | 1 Assess data andknowledge needs internallyand remotely to improvedecision making and taking| 1. recognize the scope of choices to be taken1. 2 survey data and information expected to ensureeffective choice taking1. 3assess interior and outer wellsprings of informationand understanding1. 4 make suggestions for improvement| 2 Create systems to increasepersonal to networkingwiden association in thedecision-production process| 2. 1 distinguish faculty including clients, otherstakeholders and other experts2. 2 reach those recognized and developbusiness relationships2. 3involve those distinguished in dynamic asappropriate2. 4 propose procedures for improvement| 3 Develop ommunicationprocesses to improve thegathering and disseminationof data andorganisational knowledge| 3. 1 assess existing proced ures of correspondence in anorganisation and hope to guarantee and improve appropriateness3. 2 execute and legitimize upgrades to ensuregreater joining of frameworks of correspondence inthat organisation3. 3 on an individual level, distinguish shortcomings and developa individual intend to improve correspondence skills| 4 Design and improveappropriate frameworks for thecollection, stockpiling anddissemination of and get to tothe data andknowledge gathered| 4. assess existing ways to deal with the collection,formatting, stockpiling, spreading data and knowledge4. 2 execute and legitimize proper changes toimprove the assortment, designing, storage,disseminating data and knowledge4. 3 execute a methodology to improve access to frameworks of data and information to others as appropriate| Achievements Pass | Your task must mirror an away from of the appraisal rules. Legitimacy | This task offers you the chance to accomplish two Merit descriptors if your work show that you have: a) Made v iable decisions dependent on your investigation and research, b) Used a scope of wellsprings of data , and c) Presented your assignments sensibly and coherently| Distinction | You have a chance to accomplish Distinction descriptor if your work exhibit that you have: an) Analyzed data basically based on hypothetical information and made a defended legitimate end b) Applied joined and sidelong speculation upheld by writing c) Demonstrated some free contemplations created through consistent conversation bolstered by literature| Assignment Tasks Case Study A lot of administrations flow worry for representative profitability and the need to enable individuals has rotated around the utilization of successful correspondence frameworks to improve efficiency and make attachment inside the association so as to address this worry, the administration of General Electric Co. also, Cypress Semi conductor Corporation have seen that to improve profitability, correspondence concerns should have been managed to take care of the primary issue of the absence of correspondence and collaboration among various segments of a business which has affected contrarily on the association efficiency. In this point of view, the CEO of the Electric Co. also, Cypress Semi conductor Corporation has perceived the need to create proper correspondence techniques to address the absence of correspondence inside the association. Moreover, the CEO imagine that imparting is critical to the achievement of their business, yet since the organization was set up correspondence frameworks have been so feeble and in this way influenced the development of the business. The CEO has guided the Human Resource Department to enlist an authority with adequate information and involvement with the plan, exhortation, and ability in the zone of correspondence. Following the CEO demand, you have been utilized to set up correspondence techniques which will add to the association business development. You are relied upon to finish all assignments by giving far reaching answers proper outline any place required. Errand 1 Thinking about the above situation, you are required to survey data and information needs inside and remotely to improve dynamic and taking procedures inside the General Electric Co. also, Cypress Semi conductor Corporation . Your answer should: 1. 1. Recognize the scope of choices to be taken 1. 2. Audit data and information expected to guarantee compelling choice taking 1. 3. Survey inside and outer wellsprings of data and comprehension of these sources 1. 4 makes suggestions for development Task 2: As a component of the association vision, you are required to make methodologies to expand individual systems administration so as to augment contribution in the dynamic procedure reasonable to the General Electric Co. nd Cypress Semi conductor Corporation. Your answer should: 2. 1. Distinguish work force including clients, different partners and different specialists 2. 2. Reach those recognized and create business connections 2. 3. Include those recognized in dynamic as suitable 2. 4. Propose methodologies for development Task 3: In the above situation case, the association vital goal is to create correspondence forms so as to improve the social event and scattering of data and authoritative information. Your answer should: 3. 1. Assess existing procedures of correspondence in an association and hope to guarantee and improve suitability 3. 2. Execute and legitimize upgrades to guarantee more noteworthy incorporation of frameworks of correspondence in that association 3. 3. On an individual level, recognize shortcomings and build up an individual intend to improve relational abilities Task 4 As a pro in the area of correspondence methodologies, you are required to structure and improve suitable frameworks for the assortment, stockpiling and spread of and access to the data and information assembled. Your answer should: 4. 1. Assess existing ways to deal with the assortment, arranging, stockpiling, dispersing data and information 4. 2. Actualize and legitimize suitable changes to improve the assortment, designing, stockpiling, dispersing data and information 4. . Actualize a methodology to improve access to frameworks of data and information to others as suitable. Accommodation Guidelines: You should: * Complete, sign and submit articulation of genuineness. * Submit your work in a solitary word prepared archive of 2500 to 3 000 words. This word limit is just for direction and isn't applied on evaluating. * Produce away from thinking and contention on the side of your answer. * Make proper reference to applicable ideas, procedures and speculations. * Appropriately refer to all data sources (in the content and book index). (Talk with your guide in the event that you are questionable about any part of the task)

X2: X-Men United Essay -- Movie Movies Film Essays

X2: X-Men United A definitive trial of a decent spin-off is its capacity to remain solitary. X2: X-Men United breezes through this assessment without a hitch. In spite of the fact that the story line follows the exemplary great versus abhorrent worldview, it isn't reliant on the first X-Men film to recount to its story. X2’s plotline turns keep the watcher pondering about the loyalties of characters that show up at one second to change to the great side, and afterward simply return to their jobs as trouble makers. Requiring the watcher to ask, â€Å"How do we know who we can trust?† Similarly, the film’s special visualizations are staggering without being overpowering or excess. We don't see activity groupings rehashed from the principal film however new curves that show up as visual sweets. Numerous continuations just mirror their ancestor in order to strike gold twice, just to miss the mark. Not so with X2. The producers have taken what was basically a decent film and based on its establishment to make a subsequent film, which isn't only a level impression of the first, however a film which can remain all alone. Notwithstanding plotline curve, X2 is crammed with activity and experience. In the main moment of X2 there is more activity, anticipation, and puzzle then a few different movies of this hero type consolidated. Promptly we are pushed into a world so apparently genuine it is practically tangible. An underhanded looking teleporter named Nightcrawler (Alan Cumming) keeps the White House staff and the FBI on their toes as he shows up and vanishes through White House dividers trying to get to the president. However, everything isn't as it appears and the crowd is brought into a storyline where dread and preference assume significant jobs. Despite the fact that the storyline regularly reclaims seat to the enhancements and battle arrangements, it... ... what's more, strain again maneuvering the crowd part into the universe of the film. There is a lot of activity which pushes the story forward dangerously fast. Battle arrangements, for example, the one between Wolverine (Jackman) and Lady Death Strike (Kelly Hu) set quality in opposition to quality, steel against steel (or for this situation adamantium against adamantium), and however it battles to arrive, great normally triumphs over shrewdness. Other shocking special visualizations incorporate the scene where Storm (Halle Berry) prepares a few tornadoes to keep the â€Å"bad guys† under control, and the scene wherein Jean Gray (Janssen) keeps down the furious waters of the messed up dam with her forces of supernatural power. In spite of the fact that not a film to be paid attention to as well, this film has the ability to whisk crowd individuals away for 2 hours, into a world where the trouble makers finish last and the intensity of good vanquishes insidious.

General Philip Kearny in the Civil War

General Philip Kearny in the Civil War Significant General Philip Kearny, Jr. was an eminent warrior who saw administration with US and French Armies. A local of New Jersey, he separated himself in the Mexican-American War where he lost his left arm and later served in Emperor Napoleon IIIs powers during the Second War of Italian Independence. Coming back to the United States after the flare-up of the Civil War, Kearny immediately increased a place of unmistakable quality in the Army of the Potomac. A determined warrior who perseveringly prepared his men, he earned the moniker One-Armed Devil from the Confederates. Kearnys vocation finished on September 1, 1862, when his was slaughtered driving his men at the Battle of Chantilly. Early Life Conceived June 2, 1815, Philip Kearny, Jr. was the child of Philip Kearny, Sr. also, Susan Watts. Driving one of New York Citys most extravagant families, the Harvard-instructed Kearny, Sr. had made his fortune as an agent. The familys circumstance was reinforced by the massive abundance of Susan Watts father, John Watts, who had filled in as New York Citys last Royal Recorder in the years prior to the American Revolution. Raised on the familys homes in New York and New Jersey, the more youthful Kearny lost his mom when he was seven. Known as an obstinate and touchy kid, he indicated a present for horsemanship and was a specialist rider by age eight. As patriarch of the family, Kearnys granddad before long assumed liability for his childhood. Progressively dazzled with his uncles, Stephen W. Kearny, military vocation, the youthful Kearny communicated a longing to enter the military. Into the Army These aspirations were hindered by his granddad who wanted that he seek after a profession in law. Subsequently, Kearny was constrained to go to Columbia College. Graduating in 1833, he set out on a voyage through Europe with his cousin John Watts De Peyser. Showing up back in New York, he joined the law office of Peter Augustus Jay. In 1836, Watts passed on and left the main part of his fortune to his grandson. Liberated from his granddads imperatives, Kearny looked for help from his uncle and Major General Winfield Scott in acquiring a commission in the US Army. This demonstrated effective and his got a lieutenants commission in his uncles regiment, the first US Dragoons. Answering to Fort Leavenworth, Kearny supported in ensuring pioneers on the outskirts and later filled in as a confidant to Brigadier General Henry Atkinson. Kearny le Magnifique In 1839, Kearny acknowledged a task to France to contemplate rangers strategies at Saumur. Joining the Duke of Orleans expeditionary power to Algiers, he rode with the Chasseurs dAfrique. Partaking in a few activities during the crusade, he rode into fight in the style of the Chasseurs with a gun in one hand, a saber in the other, and the reins of his pony in his teeth. Dazzling his French confidants, he earned the epithet Kearny le Magnifique. Coming back to the United States in 1840, Kearny found that his dad was at death's door. Following his demise soon thereafter, Kearnys individual fortune again extended. Subsequent to distributing Applied Cavalry Tactics Illustrated in the French Campaign, he turned into a staff official in Washington, DC and served under a few powerful officials, including Scott. Fatigue In 1841, Kearny wedded Diana Bullitt whom he had met before while serving in Missouri. Progressively miserable as a staff official, his temper started to return and his bosses reassigned him to the wilderness. Leaving Diana in Washington, he came back to Fort Leavenworth in 1844. The following two years saw him become progressively exhausted with armed force life and in 1846 he chose to leave the administration. Placing in his renunciation, Kearny immediately pulled back it with the episode of the Mexican-American War in May. Mexican-American War Kearny was before long coordinated to raise an organization of mounted force for the first Dragoons and was elevated to skipper in December. Based at Terre Haute, IN, he immediately filled the positions of his unit and utilized his own fortune to buy it coordinating dapple dim ponies. At first sent to the Rio Grande, Kearnys organization was later coordinated to join Scott during the crusade against Veracruz. Appended to Scotts central command, Kearnys men filled in as the officers guardian. Discontent with this task, Kearny prophetically mourned, Honors are not succeeded at headquarters...I would give my arm for a brevet (advancement). As the military progressed inland and won key triumphs at Cerro Gordo and Contreras, Kearny saw little activity. At last on August 20, 1847, Kearny got requests to take his order to join Brigadier General William Harneys mounted force during the Battle of Churubusco. Assaulting with his organization, Kearny charged forward. Throughout the battling, he got a serious injury to one side arm which required its removal. For his courageous endeavors, he was given a brevet advancement to major. Disappointment Coming back to New York after the war, Kearny was treated as a legend. Assuming control over the US Army selecting endeavors in the city, his relationship with Diana, which had for quite some time been stressed, finished when she left him in 1849. Having changed in accordance with existence with one arm, Kearny started to grumble that his endeavors in Mexico had never been completely compensated and that he was being overlooked by the administration because of his incapacity. In 1851, Kearny got orders for California. Showing up on the West Coast, he partook in the 1851 crusade against the Rogue River clan in Oregon. In spite of the fact that this was effective, Kearnys steady grumbling about his bosses alongside the US Armys moderate advancement framework prompted him leaving that October. Back to France Leaving on an around the globe trip, which took him to China and Ceylon, Kearny at long last settled in Paris. While there, he met and began to look all starry eyed at New Yorker Agnes Maxwell. The two straightforwardly lived respectively in the city while Diana turned out to be progressively humiliated back in New York. Coming back to the United States, Kearny looked for a proper separation from his antagonized spouse. This was rejected in 1854 and Kearny and Agnes took up home at his bequest, Bellegrove, in New Jersey. In 1858, Diana at last yielded which opened the route for Kearny and Agnes to wed. The next year, exhausted with nation life, Kearny came back to France and entered the administration of Napoleon III. Serving in the mounted force, he participated in the Battles of Magenta and Solferino. For his endeavors, he turned into the main American to be granted the L㠩gion dhonneur. The Civil War Begins Staying in France into 1861, Kearny came back to the United States following the flare-up of the Civil War. Showing up in Washington, Kearnys starting endeavors to join the Union assistance were repelled the same number of recalled his troublesome nature and the embarrassment encompassing his subsequent marriage. Coming back to Bellegrove, he was offered order of the New Jersey Brigade by state authorities in July. Appointed a brigadier general, Kearny joined his men who were stayed outside Alexandria, VA. Paralyzed by the units absence of groundwork for the fight to come, he immediately initiated a thorough preparing system just as utilized his very own portion cash to guarantee that they were well-prepared and taken care of. Some portion of the Army of the Potomac, Kearny got disappointed by an absence of development with respect to its leader, Major General George B. McClellan. This finished in Kearny distributing a progression of letters which seriously condemned the leader. Into Battle In spite of the fact that his activities significantly rankled the military administration, they charmed Kearny to his men. At last in mid 1862, the military started moving south as a component of the Peninsula Campaign. On April 30, Kearny was elevated to order the third Division of Major General Samuel P. Heintzelmans III Corps. During the Battle of Williamsburg on May 5, he separated himself when he by and by drove his men forward. Riding ahead with a blade in his grasp and his reins in his teeth, Kearny mobilized his men shouting, Dont stress, men, theyll all be terminating at me! Capably driving his division all through the bound crusade, Kearny started to procure the regard of both the men in the positions and the administration in Washington. Following the Battle of Malvern Hill on July 1, which finished the crusade, Kearny officially fought McClellans requests to keep pulling back and supported for a strike on Richmond. One-Armed Devil Dreaded by the Confederates, who alluded to him as the One-Armed Devil, Kearny was elevated to significant general later in July. That late spring Kearny likewise coordinated that his men wear a fix of red fabric on their tops so they could quickly recognize each other on the front line. This before long advanced into a military wide arrangement of badges. With President Abraham Lincoln feeling worn out on McClellans careful nature, the forceful Kearnys name started to surface as a potential substitution. Driving his division north, Kearny participated in the crusade that would finish with the Second Battle of Manassas. With the start of the commitment, Kearnys men involved a situation on the Union right on August 29. Suffering substantial battling, his division nearly got through the Confederate line. The following day, the Union position crumbled following a monstrous flank assault by Major General James Longstreet. As Union powers started escaping the field, Kearnys division was one of only a handful scarcely any arrangements to remain formed and helped spread the retreat. Chantilly On September 1, Union powers got drew in with components of Major General Thomas Stonewall Jacksons order at the Battle of Chantilly. Learning of the battling, Kearny walked his division to the scene to strengthen Union powers. Showing up, he quickly started getting ready to attack the Confederates. As his men progressed, Kearny rode forward to examine a hole in the Union line in spite of his associate asking alert. Because of this notice he purportedly answered, The Rebel projectile that can execute me h

Nursing Entrance Essay Samples - Do I Need Them?

Nursing Entrance Essay Samples - Do I Need Them?You might have heard that you should carefully consider the choices you make when it comes to nursing entrance essay samples. But does this mean that you need to buy a bunch of copies of these samples?You can ask the same question of yourself: Do I want to purchase my own copies of essays samples, or should I purchase a sample instead? Obviously, you don't want to spend a lot of money, and neither do I. To make sure that you are able to get quality essay samples for the least amount of money, here are a few tips.The first thing you need to do is choose your own versions. What I mean by this is that you are the only one who will be reading and making comments on the essays sample. Since there is no editor to be edited, it is up to you to get the most accurate copies possible.This doesn't mean that you have to edit your own essay for this; if you're not happy with something, don't worry about changing it. Just make sure that you understan d everything about the sample and make sure that it's something that you're really happy with. Even though you might have to make some changes, make sure that they are very minor.Once you've made your own version, consider that your title is the same as the sample as well. For example, if you buy an 'Admissions Essay' sample, you could call your own version 'The Admissions Essay.' Keep the same title, but change the sample to something else.This is because the editor of the essay samples may take some liberties with the wording in order to improve the sample. They might say something like 'Career experience for students considering entering the nursing profession,' and you might not like that.You could write the sentence as if it were about 'Career experience for students considering entering the nursing profession,' and instead of saying 'career experience' you could say 'career,' followed by your choice of career. If the editor has any complaints about your work, they won't say an ything about it.So if you're not happy with the sample is so generic that you can't make any comments about it, then you should get another sample. There are plenty of good quality essays samples out there, and I have yet to find a bad one that didn't have some flaws. Take some time to make sure that you are able to get the best essay samples for the least amount of money, because quality essays samples are just not that hard to find.

Refugees in America - Free Essay Example

There are 25.4 million people who were forced to flee to other countries as refugees (Huber and Reid). Many refugees struggle to find a safe place to live after they are exiled from their country. Not all places welcome refugees; therefore, they are at risk. In the debate over the refugee crisis, one controversial issue has been that refugees should be allowed to seek refuge in America. On the other hand, many conservatives contend that they should not be permitted to come to America at all. Whereas the others are extreme, some even maintain the idea to help refugees, but by setting up camps in their countries, instead of moving them to new places. Everyone in America is trying to protect someone. Whether it is conservatives, liberals, politically moderates, or lawmakers, they all agree that they need to provide safety for others. However, they have different beliefs on who has the right to be protected by the United States government. There are several positions on whether or not refugees should be able to seek refuge in America. The refugee crisis has recently been a major topic in the U.S. immigration court of law. On September 17, 2018, Trump announced that they would only be allowing 25,000 refugees into America, when in the previous year it was 45,000 (Davis). With this being such a broad topic, many different groups have their opinions. Some of the groups are the refugees, the federal government, and the political parties such as conservatives, liberals, and moderates. Many believe that allowing refugees into America will cause problems for the citizens there. While the others who are the complete opposite believe that refugees will benefit the economy and help the unfortunate refugees. The ones in the middle find a way to compromise. They want to provide aid to the refugees, just not in America in their own countries. Each position is doing what they think is just, however, in order to figure that out, one must be mindful of all solutions, while being unbiased. Most liberals support the idea that refugees should be allowed into America because it is morally right. With refugees coming to America, they provide more job opportunities, which benefits the economy. Statistics show that most refugees pursue the career of an entrepreneur. By starting their own companies, they can hire more American citizens. In 2015, 180,000 refugees were entrepreneurs (From Struggle to Resilience). These new companies open up a great number of jobs. The main reason that many people support this idea is because the refugees are under constant surveillance, therefore, there is low security risk. With the refugees, there is no need to fear them, since the government has taken action to make sure the refugees do not harm the citizens of America. They have set up specific laws that allow them to keep a careful eye on the refugees (Park and Buchanan). The refugees must go through a very difficult vetting process that allows them to be thoroughly searched. In addition, the refugees pay taxes, which evens out what it cost in order for them to get to America and stay there. Multiple charts show that after eight years of paying taxes, refugees end up matching the amount that it cost to get them into the country and their living expenses. The total cost for them to stay in America is $107,000 and they end up paying $129,000 in taxes, which leaves the government $22,000 profit (Bondarenko). Not only does the government practically loses nothing, they also gain extra money that can go towards benefiting refugees or American citizens. A majority of extremist conservatives believe that the United States should not allow refugees to receive care in their country. The major problem that some people have with refugees is that when they come into the country, crime and violence are increased. In 2015 through 2016, violent crime rose by about ten percent and more than 90% of the crimes were committed by young male refugees (Alkousaa). Violence is brought out by either the citizens lashing out at the refugees or vice versa. If two types of people do not want to be in the same area, then thing can end up going bad. Secondly, bringing refugees over to America is very expensive. Statistics show that it costs nearly $15,000 to bring in the refugees and give them background checks. It costs and extra $92,000 to provide them with insurance and what they need to survive (Bondarenko). Lastly, the government usually requires the refugees to maintain a job in order to stay in the country (Rush). In order to do that, many of them t ake available jobs that were originally set up for American citizens. Most conservatives have a problem with this. The people in between the two extreme parties claim that the best option is to help the refugees, but by setting up camps in their countries. Most refugees want to stay in their countries so that they are close to home, because they usually end up going back when their country is safe again. About two out of three refugees end up going back to their home countries when the violence is over (Huber, Reid, and Koenig). Another important factor is that it would cost less if Americans were to set up camps rather than paying for transportation to the U.S. research shows that it costs $3,000 per refugee to set up a camp in Jordan, when in America it would cost over $30,000 per refugee (Williams). This would cost almost ten times less than it would if helping the refugees in America. Ten times a number is a big difference, so it would save the United States a large amount of money. The last reason is that the majority of refugees feel more comfortable staying in their own country. There are multiple accounts of refugees who do not know how to speak English and would rather be taken care of in what they are familiar with. Being in a place where they feel safe allows them to cope with having to be exiled (Shearlaw). They are forced to leave their countries, which makes most refugees fearful. Research shows that most refugees, if given the choice, would like to stay in their countries, than rather go far away (Swanson). To best help them, people should want to make the refugees as content as possible. While there are many valid positions on where refugees should find protection, the most just solution is to provide camps in the countries of the refugees because it seems to make all people happy. The conservatives are happy because they do not have any foreign refugees coming into their country, the liberals get to contribute to sheltering them, and the refugees get to stay in their comfortable country. Since no one can prove whether refugees benefit or hurt the economy, the best thing to do is to find the in between option. This solution finds the common ground between most everyone related to this topic. Why fight over something that can easily be fixed by choosing the middle position? It is most often the correct one too. In order to be able to choose which side is best, people need to know what each position stands for. They need background information and will need to decide which option is more just for them, but only after, they hear what each side has to say. Works Cited Alkousaa, Riham. Violent Crime Rises in Germany and Is Attributed to Refugees. Reuters, Thomson Reuters, 3 Jan. 2018, www.reuters.com/article/us-europe-migrants-germany-crime/violent-crime-rises-in-germany-and-is-attributed-to-refugees-idUSKBN1ES16J. Bondarenko, Veronika. Study Finds Refugees Actually Pay the US Government Thousands More than They Get from It. Business Insider, Business Insider, 13 June 2017, www.businessinsider.com/how-much-do-refugees-cost-us-taxpayers-2017-6. Davis, Julie Hirschfeld. White House Weighs Another Reduction in Refugees Admitted to U.S. The New York Times, The New York Times, 1 Aug. 2018, www.nytimes.com/2018/08/01/us/politics/trump-refugees-reduction.html. Fleming, Melissa. 3 Real Stories from Refugees. World Economic Forum, 17 Dec. 2015, www.weforum.org/agenda/2015/12/3-real-stories-from-refugees/. From Struggle to Resilience: The Economic Impact of Refugees in America. New American Economy, research.newamericaneconomy.org/report/from-struggle-to-resilience-the-economic-impact-of-refugees-in-america/. Huber, Chris, and Kathryn Reid. Forced to Flee: Top Countries Refugees Are Coming From. World Vision, World Vision Inc., 26 June 2018, www.worldvision.org/refugees-news-stories/forced-to-flee-top-countries-refugees-coming-from. Huber, Chris, et al. Syrian Refugee Crisis: Facts, FAQs, and How to Help. World Vision, 10 Sept. 2018, www.worldvision.org/refugees-news-stories/syrian-refugee-crisis-facts. Park, Haeyoun, and Larry Buchanan. Refugees Entering the U.S. Already Face a Rigorous Vetting Process. The New York Times, The New York Times, 29 Jan. 2017, www.nytimes.com/interactive/2017/01/29/us/refugee-vetting-process.html. Rush, Nayla. Fact-Checking a Fact Sheet On Refugee Resettlement. Center For Immigration Studies, Nov. 2015, cis.org/sites/default/files/rush-refugees-mpi.pdf. Shearlaw, Maeve. Are Refugee Camps the Best Solution for People Fleeing a Crisis? | Maeve Shearlaw. The Guardian, Guardian News and Media, 25 July 2013, www.theguardian.com/global-development/2013/jul/25/refugee-camps-solution-people-fleeing-crisis. Swanson, Ana. The Big Myth about Refugees. The Washington Post, WP Company, 10 Sept. 2015, www.washingtonpost.com/news/wonk/wp/2015/09/10/the-big-myth-about-refugees/. Williams, Rob. This Is the One Thing Britain Got Right about the Refugee Crisis. The Independent, Independent Digital News and Media, 14 Mar. 2016, www.independent.co.uk/voices/syrian-refugees-will-cost-ten-times-more-to-care-for-in-europe-than-in-neighboring-countries-a6928676.html.

Palladium Facts - Periodic Table of the Elements

Palladium  is a silvery-white metallic element with atomic number 46 and element symbol Pd. In daily life, its most often found in jewelry, dentistry, and catalytic converters for automobiles. Here is a collection of useful and interesting palladium facts: Essential Palladium Facts Atomic Number: 46 Symbol: Pd Atomic Weight: 106.42 Discovery: William Hyde Wollaston 1802 (England) Wollaston noted his discovery of the metal in 1802 and offered the purified element for sale in 1803, although there was some controversy regarding the discovery. Richard Chenevix believed Wollastons palladium to be a platinum-mercury alloy. Chenevixs palladium experiments earned him the 1803 Copley Medal, but its clear Wollaston did at least partially purify the element. He dissolved platinum order from South America in aqua regia, neutralized it with sodium hydroxide and precipitated out the platinum. Reacting the remaining material with mercuric cyanide formed palladium(II) cyanide, which was heated to yield the purified element. Electron Configuration: [Kr] 4d10 Word Origin: Palladium was named for the asteroid Pallas, which was discovered approximately the same time (1803). Pallas was the Greek goddess of wisdom. Properties: Palladium has a melting point of 1554 °C, boiling point of 2970 °C, specific gravity of 12.02 (20 °C), and valence of 2, 3, or 4. It is a steel-white metal which does not tarnish in air. Palladium has the lowest melting point and density of the platinum metals. Annealed palladium is soft and ductile, but it becomes much stronger and harder through coldworking. Palladium is attacked by nitric acid and sulfuric acid. At room temperature, the metal can absorb up to 900 times its own volume of hydrogen. Palladium can be beaten into leaf as thin as 1/250,000 of an inch. Uses: Hydrogen readily diffuses through heated palladium, so this method is often used to purify the gas. Finely divided palladium is used as a catalyst for hydrogenation and dehydrogenation reactions. Palladium is used as an alloying agent and for making jewelry and in dentistry. White gold is an alloy of gold which has been decolorized by the addition of palladium. The metal is also used to make surgical instruments, electrical contacts, professional transverse flutes, and watches. In photography, palladium is an alternative to silver, used in the platinotype printing process. Sources: Palladium is found with other metals of the platinum group and with nickel-copper deposits. The primary commercial sources are the Norilsk-Talnakh deposits in Siberia and the nickel-copper deposits of the Sudbury Basic in Ontario, Canada. Russia is the primary producer. It may be produced in a nuclear fission reactor from spent nuclear fuel. Health Effects: Palladium, like the other platinum group metals, is mostly inert in the body as a bulk metal. However, there are reports of contact dermatitis, particularly in persons allergic to nickel. This causes problems when palladium is used in jewelry or dentistry. In addition to these uses, environmental exposure to palladium comes from release by automotive catalytic converters, food, and workplace exposure. Soluble compounds of palladium are excreted from the body within 3 days (99 percent). In mice, the median lethal dose of soluble palladium compounds (e.g., palladium chloride) is 200 mg/kg orally and 5 mg/kg intraveneously. Palladium is poorly absorbed and its toxicity is considered low, but it may be carcinogenic. Most plants tolerate it when it is present in low concentrations, although it is lethal to water hyacinth. Palladium serves no known biological role. Currency: Palladium, gold, silver, and platinum are the only metals that have ISO currency codes. The codes for palladium are XPD and 964. Cost: The price for palladium continues to rise. In 2016, palladium cost about $614 per ounce. In 2018, it reached $1100 per ounce. Element Classification: Transition Metal PalladiumPhysical Data Density (g/cc): 12.02 Melting Point (K): 1825 Boiling Point (K): 3413 Appearance: silvery-white, soft, malleable and ductile metal Atomic Radius (pm): 137 Atomic Volume (cc/mol): 8.9 Covalent Radius (pm): 128 Ionic Radius: 65 (4e) 80 (2e) Specific Heat (20 °C J/g mol): 0.244 Fusion Heat (kJ/mol): 17.24 Evaporation Heat (kJ/mol): 372.4 Debye Temperature (K): 275.00 Pauling Negativity Number: 2.20 First Ionizing Energy (kJ/mol): 803.5 Oxidation States: 4, 2, 0 Lattice Structure: Face-Centered Cubic Lattice Constant (Ã…): 3.890 Return to the Periodic Table References Hammond, C. R. (2004). The Elements. Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (81st ed.). CRC press. ISBN 0-8493-0485-7.Meija, J.; et al. (2016). Atomic weights of the elements 2013 (IUPAC Technical Report). Pure and Applied Chemistry. 88 (3): 265–91. doi:10.1515/pac-2015-0305Wollaston, W. H. (1805). On the Discovery of Palladium; With Observations on Other Substances Found with Platina. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. 95: 316–330. doi:10.1098/rstl.1805.0024Weast, Robert (1984). CRC, Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. Boca Raton, Florida: Chemical Rubber Company Publishing. pp. E110. ISBN 0-8493-0464-4.

Senate Bill 420 Defining Prostitution And Separating The...

Senate Bill 420 would recast provisions by clearly defining prostitution and separating the buyers from the sellers. This bill not only defines the crime of prostitution but it also divides the crime into three sections: the involvement of the buyer, the involvement of the seller, and/or the involvement of a minor. Senator Huff first introduced this bill on February 25, 2015 where it was first presented to a committee on RLS, waiting for the approval to print. Freshly off the printer on February 26, 2015, the bill was accepted and began its journey through the Senate. On March 5, 2015 the bill was referred to the committee on PUB. S (â€Å"Bill History-SB 420,† 2015). On April 6, 2015 the committee read the bill for a second time and amended what Huff had previously drafted. This new draft was re-referred to the committee on PUB. S. On April 7, 2015 a hearing was set for April 21st. On April 23, 2015 this new draft of the bill was passed. On April 27, 2015, this drafted bill was read for a second time and recommended that it be amended. Once amended, the bill was approved for a third reading (â€Å"Bill History-SB- 420 Prostitution,† 2015). On May 4, 2015, the bill passed its third reading in the Senate and was ordered to the Assembly. On May 5, 2015, the bill arrived in the Assem bly and was held at the desk after being read for the first time. On May 22, 2015 the bill was referred to a committee on Pub. S. There was a hearing on June 16, 2015 where the bill was held in the committeeShow MoreRelatedSenate Bill 420 : The Issue Of Prostitution And Separating The Buyers From The Sellers1171 Words   |  5 PagesSenate Bill 420 would recast provisions by clearly defining prostitution and separating the buyers from the sellers. This bill not only defines the crime of prostitution but it also divides the crime into three sections: the involvement of the buyer, the involvement of the seller, and/or the involvement of a minor. Senator Huff first introduced this bill on February 25, 2015 where it was first presented to a committee on RLS, waiting for the approval to print. Freshly off the printer on FebruaryRead MoreSenator Huff Proposed An Act Of The Penal Code, Senate Bill 420 Essay1750 Words   |  7 Pages647b of the penal code, senate Bill 420. Senator Huff, California’s 29th district would like to amend this bill to clear the distinction between buyers and sellers of human trafficking and prostitution (â€Å"Human trafficking bill,† 2015). Currently there is no separation from the consumer requesting services than from the seller. Both, the consumer and individual providing services are just as guilty of the crime. The new bill proposal would direct more attention to the buyers, to collect verifiable

Oedipus, A Tragic Hero - 1648 Words

Oedipus, a Tragic Hero Bob Livingston Liberty University Sophocles presented the world with Oedipus around 2500 years ago. Never-the-less, the story remains among the most riveting of all time. He was, in fact, a man that was driven by a very high internal moral standard. It was that internal moral standard that ultimately entwined him in a sequence of events and circumstances that placed him in the spousal relationship with his mother. Oedipus, in fact, can truly be regarded as a tragic hero as Aristotle himself defined the term. Considering Aristotle’s definition of a tragic hero, it can be found that Oedipus fits the character description flawlessly through various traits that he displays and the foundation of his tragic fall: Just as tragic heroes and heroines have been identified with different eras and cultures, the classical ideal of the tragic hero will be incomplete if the concept of tragedy is not focalized. This paper, therefore, looks at how the classical period defined and delineated its tragic hero based on the action and the plot of the play. The paper provides extracts from Sophocles’ King Oedipus as the main text and Euripides’ Iphigenia in Tauris as a supporting text to present Oedipus as the tragic hero. Textual analysis shows that the delineation of the tragic hero lies in the source or context of the tragic situation. Sophocles and Euripides’ views on the tragic hero are similar to Aristotle’s concept of â€Å"hamartia† of the classical period.Show MoreRelatedOedipus As A Tragic Hero1506 Words   |  7 PagesA true hero does not merely wear a cape, but this individual possesses admirable characteristics. A hero inspires the people around him and he is h onorable. Heroes influential individuals from fairytale stories and myths of a real-life hero. Yet, none of these influential people are perfect. The tragic hero is clearly defined by Aristotle as being a person of admirable character, yet completely human with noticeable flaws. Moreover, this individual is not exempt from suffering. In Sophocles’ tragicRead MoreOedipus-a Tragic Hero706 Words   |  3 PagesRunning head: Oedipus-A Tragic Hero Research Paper ENGL 102: Literature and Composition) Fall 2015 Melinda Meeds L26683811 APA Outline Thesis: In Sophocles’ â€Å"Oedipus†, Oedipus is exemplified as a tragic hero according to Aristotle’s definition because his story appeals to the reader’s humanity in the way he maintains his strengths after inadvertently causing his own downfall. I. Oedipus A. The noble birth. B. Describe Oedipus’ character. II. Tragedy A. DescribeRead MoreOedipus the Tragic Hero1390 Words   |  6 PagesOedipus; The Tragic Hero In the Fourth Century BC, a famous philosopher named Aristotle wrote about the qualities that a tragic hero must possess. Ever since that time, there have been many examples of tragic heroes in literature. None of those characters, however, display the tragic hero traits quite as well as Oedipus, the main character from the play Oedipus Rex by Sophocles. Oedipus is, without a doubt, the absolute quintessence of a tragic hero. His example shines as clear as a sunny summerRead MoreIs Oedipus A Tragic Hero?1167 Words   |  5 Pages2014 Is Oedipus a tragic hero? Aristotle, Ancient Greek philosopher whom did a lot of philosophizing, he believed in a logical reality. Aristotle’s objective was to come up with a universal process of reasoning that would allow man to learn every imaginable thing about reality. The initial process involved describing objects based on their characteristics, states of being and actions. Aristotle once said A man doesn t become a hero until he can see the root of his own downfall†. Oedipus was a mythicalRead MoreOedipus As A Tragic Hero1724 Words   |  7 Pagesstory of Oedipus, Oedipus is considered a â€Å"Tragic Hero† because of the tragic fate and effect that he had upon his life. My definition of a tragedy is a great loss that has a unhappy ending to which concluded me to state that Oedipus falls under that category. Throughout the book, Oedipus is leading himself to his own destruction when trying to find the killer of the late King Laios. So when a journal article I found published by The John Hopkins University Press stated that a â€Å"tragic hero is a manRead MoreOedipus a Tragic Hero1516 Words   |  7 PagesOedipus A Tragic Hero English 102 Literature and Composition Summer B 2011 Terry Garofolo 22816762 APA Sophocles presented the world with Oedipus around 2500 years ago. Never-the-less, the story remains among the most riveting of all time. Unfortunately, today when we hear the mention of the name Oedipus we place negative connotations around it. Oedipus, after all, had an unnatural sexual relationship with his own mother! In actuality, however, this relationship emerged entirely innocentlyRead MoreOedipus As A Tragic Hero1094 Words   |  5 PagesIn the play Oedipus the King, Oedipus struggles to accept the truth and lets his temper over power him. He can be displayed as a tragic hero. His refusal to accept the truth led to Oedipus’ down fall. A tragic hero, as defined by Aristotle, â€Å"is a literary character who makes a judgment error that inevitably leads to his/her own destruction.† Sophocles’ Oedipus exemplifies Aristotle’s definition of a tragic hero. In the play, Oedipus unknowingly has cursed the entire town of Thebes. He was cursedRead MoreOedipus, a Tragic Hero?2158 Words   |  9 PagesOedipus, a Tragic Hero? Elizabeth Howell English 102- B33 Professor Katie Robinson Liberty University October 12, 2012 Oedipus, a Tragic Hero? Thesis: Using Aristotle’s five different descriptions of a tragic hero, we will show that Oedipus in Oedipus the King is in fact a tragic hero and how his decisions led to his downfall. Outline: I. Introduction and Thesis Statement II. Is the character of noble birth? A. King of Thebes B. Real father was king III. Though the tragic heroRead MoreOedipus, A Tragic Hero1832 Words   |  8 Pagesmany others will likely fade away. Oedipus Rex is a tragic tale set in Ancient Greece. Greek thinker, Aristotle, said there were certain elements that would make a person qualified as a â€Å"tragic hero.† (Adade-Ywboah, Ahenkora Amankwah, 2012). We think of heroes being larger than life, possessing impeccable honor, integrity, strong leadership and having the higher moral ground. However, tragic heroes are different; they are imperfect and will inevitably face a tragic downfall. Per Aristotle, there areRead MoreOedipus the Tragic Hero754 Words   |  4 PagesIn the play Oedipus the King we identify the classic tragic hero. The character Oedipus Rex plays the role of the tragic hero perfectly. He shows the three main characteristics being talented and of noble birth, possessing a tragic flaw that causes the downfall and pain of everyone, and the recognition of responsibility. Oedipus’s first characteristic of being a tragic hero is being talented and of noble birth. Oedipus was talented because during his journey to runaway form his curse, the oracle

History Of Music Essay Example For Students

History Of Music Essay Music has been around sense the dawn of time. When man first started to discover music it was not the kind of music we have today. All it consisted of was grunts, moans, and banging things. Music has evolved just as much as the people that created it. From Chromagnum men to musician and from grunting too classical music, rock, and rap. The first people imitated music from nature. They mimicked the sound from their every day life. It had no rhythm, beat, or tune it was just noise, but later turned into what we now call music. Ancient people used music for much more than entertainment they used it in every day life. They would yell and scream during battle, blow a horn as a warning, have ceremonies to honor the dead or bring the rain, signal danger, to show your importance in society, it was also used as a healing power. On the front lines of battle would be a soldier that would be holding a drum or a flute. When this was a common act the instruments would be spread around to different cultures after a battle. This brought on a new way of looking at music. Around the 16th century people started to collect instead of play music. A persons hands and feet were the first of all the instruments and is still the most common, because every one has them. A persons hands and feet were readily available, and easy to use. The drum is the second most common percussion instrument. Like most of the other instruments the drum was found by accident when someone hit a hallow log with a stick. The hallowed out stumps then became drums that were decorated. Drums were used for war or for signaling over long distances. The drum was a common instrument because it was so easy to use; all they had to do was strike it. The second percussion instrument was the rattle. The rattle was found later in the time when humans started to grow plants. It was found accidentally when someone picked up a dried out gourd of some sort and shook it. The ancient rattles were readily available because the people that grew the plants were just learning how to grow plant so they made many mistakes. The harp has been around since humans have started to use tools. The harp was founded during the hunt. The harp was first a bow used for killing small animals but when early humans realized that it made music it became the harp. The harp is an instrument surrounded in myths from many different cultures. The ancient harps were all shapes and sizes, from small hand held harps to large harps that were bolted to the floor. The harps would sometimes have colored strings on it to make it easier to play because it would have many strings on it. Some other ancient stringed instruments were the scrapers from the 16th century, and the picker from the  16th century. The scrapers and the pickers were all ancient forms of present-day violins, fiddles, and guitars. Most of the ancient string instruments strings were made of horsehair, hemp, or animal intestines. One of the first woodwinds was the flute. The flute was one of the first real instruments, because it was made on purpose. The ancient flute was made up of reeds tied together with animal tendons, or hemp and animal glue. The flutes were made of hallow pieces of young wood. It was a part of many cultures and their cultural events such as parades, ceremonies, and sporting events. .u052d44783e9aefb29895f64400dd4c62 , .u052d44783e9aefb29895f64400dd4c62 .postImageUrl , .u052d44783e9aefb29895f64400dd4c62 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u052d44783e9aefb29895f64400dd4c62 , .u052d44783e9aefb29895f64400dd4c62:hover , .u052d44783e9aefb29895f64400dd4c62:visited , .u052d44783e9aefb29895f64400dd4c62:active { border:0!important; } .u052d44783e9aefb29895f64400dd4c62 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u052d44783e9aefb29895f64400dd4c62 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u052d44783e9aefb29895f64400dd4c62:active , .u052d44783e9aefb29895f64400dd4c62:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u052d44783e9aefb29895f64400dd4c62 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u052d44783e9aefb29895f64400dd4c62 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u052d44783e9aefb29895f64400dd4c62 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u052d44783e9aefb29895f64400dd4c62 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u052d44783e9aefb29895f64400dd4c62:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u052d44783e9aefb29895f64400dd4c62 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u052d44783e9aefb29895f64400dd4c62 .u052d44783e9aefb29895f64400dd4c62-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u052d44783e9aefb29895f64400dd4c62:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: The History Of Carbon Argumentative EssayThe first wind instrument was the rams horn. It was made from the horns of rams, goats, or cattle. They were originally cups. The way it became a horn was that the person broke the end and tried to blow out the fragment so they could patch it up but when they did they realized it could be an instrument. They were used to call long distance, or amplify someones voice. Small horns would be carried and used for signaling short distance and large horns were set in place to be used for long distance calling. The way ancient musicians would make a living was travel around and playing their instruments. They would ask for money, food, and shelter from the people they composed for, instead of just money. They would tell stories, history, and sing folk songs for a living. They had no permanent homes instead they depended on the kindness of strangers. The people that used to be bards are now what we call musicians, but musicians in this day and age would rather have money than any thing else. Queen Elizabeth had a great impact on England when she died in 1603, aside from the grief of her country. When she died the composers in England had stopped composing and singing their music. Her death caused a great slump in Englands music. After the death of Queen Elizabeth when King James II came into power the music world changed forever. His rule over England made the music world come alive with new songs and old songs. The reason why is because the composer just as much as everyone else hated the king so they wrote about that. A French man by the name of Franco invented the notes and bar graphs we have today four hundred years ago. He was a person with a great impact on the world by making it easy to read music in the twenty-first century. The way music has changed is on such a large scale. The instruments of the past have changed into the instruments of the present and are still continuing to change. The way that the first musicians played their hallowed out logs in a bard is much different from the way drummers play the snare or the bongo in an orchestra. The difference between an ancient harp and the guitar which it later evolved into is a  few thousand years. The way we look at music is totally different from the way the first musician did. We have come so far that now we dont even need an instrument to make music. Music can now be made on a computer. The types of music that we now have are so unique that everyone has their own type of music instead of there just being one.

Contract Law Deceptive Business Conduct

Question: Discuss about the Contract Law for Deceptive Business Conduct. Answer: Issue of the Case: Whether the University is legally obliged to pay the extra cost for work while it is already mentioned in contract that the work must be completed by 1st March, 2016. Facts of the Case: In Western Australia, a regional University made a contract with Marina Construction Limited (MCU) for some renovations in an old hotel to convert it into a hostel so that it can be used for students to be enrolled for the first semester. According to the contract, the work must be completed by 1st March 2016 but later on, MCU have discovered that the structure of the building require a lot of reparation and it is impossible for them to complete the work within given time-period. The directors of MCU recommended the representatives of the University that if the price of the contract is increased to a certain amount, they would be able to hire extra labors to complete the contract within given time. The University agrees to the terms and work continues to complete it by 1st March. The University council is upset with the additional payment and wants an advice whether the University is legally obliged to pay the extra cost for the work. Rules: Australian Contract Law: The Contract law which is framed in Australia comes from the English Common law and does not follow any codified or statute law[1]. The courts of Australia give considerable significance to the intentions of the parties making contract which are kept as evidences in document or written form. According to this law, a contract is considered as a promise between the parties involved in a contract which can be legally enforced and is an undertaking by them to perform or to refrain from doing something. It requires an agreement between the parties, their consideration, their agreement for any legal formalities, and legal capacity to contract. Consumer law framed in Australia states that an individual is considered to be involved in ambiguous or unreliable conduct in trade or commerce, if he/she misleads or deceive or likely to mislead or deceive the other party involved in the contract[2]. Contract law does not provide a party with a right to get away from the contractual obligations if a party is being mistaken about some aspects or clauses of the contract. In unilateral type of mistake, one party is mistaken about some aspect of the contract but the other is not. However, in common law, there is no provision of remedy for unilateral mistake but law of equity plays a significant role in such circumstances. Contracts are considered to be discharged by way of performance of the contractual responsibilities by the parties. According to general rule of contractual responsibilities, a contract must be performed completely and exactly according to the mentioned clauses in the contract. It means that contract must be discharged fully and exactly according to the terms and conditions of the contract. Application: Considering Contract law of Australia, in this case, MCU should be held guilty to deceive the University as it was clearly mentioned in the contract that the work will be completed within the given time and a certain fixed amount of money was decided for the completion of the work. However, after starting construction work, being not capable to complete the work within time, they demanded extra money. It is simply a violation of contract. Considering the case of Smith v. Hughes[3], in which the decision given by the Court was that the plaintiff must have known of the defendant's mistake at the time of making of the contract[4]; it is considered as the duty of MCU to calculate the amount of time required to complete the construction work but unaware of this, they got involved in the contract. Hence, they should be held liable under the law for demanding extra amount for completing the task within time. Taking into consideration unilateral type of mistake under Contract law, contractual remedy should be provided to the University due to unilateral type of mistake done by MCU. The act done by the corporation is not according to the general rule of contractual responsibilities. MCU has demanded extra price by the University to complete the work on time which is mentioned in the contract. The contract is not being discharged exactly according to the terms and conditions agreed by both the parties. Thus, MCU should be held liable to violate the general rule of contract also. Conclusion: After discussing the law of Australia for the purpose of Contract, it is evident that MCU is guilty of violation of contract made with the University. The corporation should be held liable under the Contract Law of Australia and should compensate the University accordingly[5]. Remedies: In case of violation of contract by one party, the non-violating party must be entitled to damages suffered by them as a matter of right. Damages are considered as an alternative for performance and put the non-violating or suffering party in the position it would have been if the contract had been performed according to the terms and conditions mentioned in the contract. Thus, MCU should be held liable to pay the extra amount taken by it in order to perform the contract on time. Common law also provides equitable remedies to the suffering party but it is awarded at the judgment of the court. However, the court is not obliged to award the remedies even when the contractual violation is established. Therefore, the University should file case in the court against MCU for violation of contract and demand compensation from the corporation. However, according to the procedure of Contract law, university will be compensated only for the extra amount of money paid for the performance of the contract if the corporation will be completing the given task within time. If it fails to perform the contractual obligations within time, the amount of compensation shall be increased according to the circumstances. Works Cited Australian Contract Law, 2013. Misleading or Deceptive Conduct. [Online] Available at: https://www.australiancontractlaw.com/law/avoidance-misleading.html [Accessed 22 August 2016]. Johnson, M. Millar, J., 2014. Doing Business in Australia: Contract law. [Online] Available at: https://www.claytonutz.com/knowledge/2014/june/doing-business-in-australia-contract-law [Accessed 22 August 2016]. Legal Services Commission, 2004. Right to recover damages. [Online] Available at: https://www.lawhandbook.sa.gov.au/ch10s02s11s02.php [Accessed 22 August 2016]. TAYLOR V. JOHNSON: UNILATERAL MISTAKE IN AUSTRALIAN CONTRACT LAW (1985). [1] Johnson, M. Millar, J., 2014. Doing Business in Australia: Contract law. [Online] Available at: https://www.claytonutz.com/knowledge/2014/june/doing-business-in-australia-contract-law [Accessed 22 August 2016]. [2] Australian Contract Law, 2013. Misleading or Deceptive Conduct. [Online] Available at: https://www.australiancontractlaw.com/law/avoidance-misleading.html [Accessed 22 August 2016]. [3] (1871) L.R. 6 Q.B. 597 [4] TAYLOR V. JOHNSON: UNILATERAL MISTAKE IN AUSTRALIAN CONTRACT LAW (1985) [5] Legal Services Commission, 2004. Right to recover damages. [Online] Available at: https://www.lawhandbook.sa.gov.au/ch10s02s11s02.php [Accessed 22 August 2016].

Vegetarian Diet Essay Example For Students

Vegetarian Diet Essay The Vegetarian Diet Essay is becoming increasingly popular all the time. Is the vegetarian or meat diet better? A decade ago and earlier, the impression was that a vegetarian diet was lacking in the nutrients found in meat products. Today though, through research and nutritional science, it has been proven that all the nutrients found in meat can also be found in the correct vegetarian diet. Some may argue that by only consuming meat that is low in fat, meat and vegetarian diets have identical benefits. This is true only if one eats only very low fat meat. The lack of meat is not necessarily the main benefit of to the vegetarian. Vegetarians tend to eat more fruits, vegetables and grains that the meat eater. They also tend not to use tobacco and excessive alcohol. In addition, vegetarians tend to get more exercise. The term vegetarian can be misleading. This diet can take on many different variations. A fruitarian eats only fruits, seeds and nuts while the vegan eats these and vegetables, grains and legumes. A lacto vegetarian consumes the same as a vegan as well as dairy products. A lacto-ovo vegetarian follows after the lacto vegetarian but also includes eggs while the ovo vegetarian excludes dairy products. Finally, the partial vegetarian eats anything except red meat, or at least strictly limits it. Because the term vegetarian is used to cover all facets and variations, it is difficult to identify health benefits resulting from the vegetarian diet including all of the above. Most meat eaters do not realize that there are so many variations to the vegetarian diet, which makes accurate studies even more difficult. We will write a custom essay on Vegetarian Diet specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now As a whole though, vegetarians tend to have less body fat than nonvegetarians. This is most likely due to the low fat and high carbohydrate content of their diet. Vegetarians usually have lower blood pressure than meat eaters because of lifestyle and diet. Other factors probably include exercise and resistance to smoking and alcohol intake. Coronary artery disease is directly related to saturated fat intake. In studies testing cholesterol levels, vegetarians beat out all others including those that only ate lean meats. Milk, however, lowers blood cholesterol, as does soy. Another benefit is the lack of digestive disorders among vegetarians. It is possible that this is directly related to the high fiber content consumed. The last main benefit of the vegetarian diet is its relationship to cancer rate reduction, especially colon cancer. People who develop colon cancer tend to eat more meat, less fiber, and more saturated fat than those without colon cancer. This is the same case with lymphatic cancer. The only advantage a meat eater might have over a vegetarian would be during pregnancy and childhood. Studies have shown that children grow best when they eat meat products. Likewise, vegetarian women may enter pregnancy too thin and be lacking in stores of nutrients. Obviously, there are advantages and drawbacks to both diets however I feel the vegetarian diets advantages greatly outweigh its shortcomings. Whether a meat eater or vegetarian, both diets can contribute to good health with proper planning. Health Care .

Music and Math essays

Music and Math essays "Music is the harmonization of opposites, the unification of disparate things, and the conciliation of warring elements...Music is the basis of agreement among things in nature and of the best government in the universe. As a rule it assumes the guise of harmony in the universe, of lawful government in a state, and of a sensible way of life in the home. It brings together and unites." - The Pythagoreans. Every school student will recognize his name as the originator of that theorem which offers many cheerful facts about the square on the hypotenuse. Many European philosophers will call him the father of philosophy. Many scientists will call him the father of science. To musicians, nonetheless, Pythagoras is the father of music. According to Johnston, it was a much told story that one day the young Pythagoras was passing a blacksmiths shop and his ear was caught by the regular intervals of sounds from the anvil. When he discovered that the hammers were of different weights, it occurred to him that the intervals might be related to those weights. Pythagoras was correct. Pythagorean philosophy maintained that all things are numbers. Based on the belief that numbers were the building blocks of everything, Pythagoras began linking numbers and music. Revolutionizing music, Pythagoras findings generated theorems and standards for musical scales, relationships, instruments and creative formation. Musical scales became defined and taught. Instrument makers began a precision approach to device construction. Composers developed new attitudes of composition that encompassed a foundation of numeric value in addition to melody. All three of these approaches were based on Pythagorean philosophy. Thus, Pythagoras relationship between numbers and music had a profound influence on future musical education, instrumentation, and composition. The intrinsic discovery made by Pythagoras was the potential order to the chaos o...

The Kostenki Archaeological Sites

The Kostenki Archaeological Sites Kostenki refers to a complex of open-air archaeological sites located in the Pokrovsky Valley of Russia, on the west bank of the Don River, about 400 kilometers (250 miles) south of Moscow and 40 km (25 mi) south of the city of Voronezh, Russia. Together, they contain important evidence concerning the timing and complexity of the various waves of anatomically modern humans as they left Africa some 100,000 or more years ago The main site (Kostenki 14, see page 2) is located near the mouth of a small steep ravine; the upper reaches of this ravine contain evidence of a handful of other Upper Paleolithic occupations. The Kostenki sites lie deeply buried (between 10-20 meters [30-60 feet]) beneath the modern surface. The sites were buried by alluvium which was deposited by the Don River and its tributaries beginning at least 50,000 years ago. Terrace Stratigraphy The occupations at Kostenki include several Late Early Upper Paleolithic levels, dated between 42,000 to 30,000 calibrated years ago (cal BP). Smack dab in the middle of those levels is a layer of volcanic ash, associated with the volcanic eruptions of the Phlegrean Fields of Italy (aka Campanian Ignimbrite or CI Tephra), which erupted about 39,300 cal BP. The stratigraphic sequence at the Kostenki sites are broadly described as containing six main units: Modern levels at the top: black, highly humic soil with abundant bioturbation, churning by living animals, in this case mainly burrowing by rodents.Cover Loam: loess-like deposit with several stacked occupations dated to the Eastern Gravettian (such as Kostenki 1 at 29,000 cal BP; and Epi-Gravettian (Kostenki 11, 14,000-19,000 cal BP)Upper Humic Complex/Bed (UHB): yellowish chalky loam with several stacked occupations, early and mid-Upper Paleolithic, including Initial Upper Paleolithic, Aurignacian, Gravettian and local GorodsovianWhitish Loam: homogenous loam with some sub-horizontal lamination and in the lower part in situ or reworked volcanic ash (CI Tephra, independently dated 39,300 years agoLower Humic Complex/Bed (LHB): stratified loamy deposits with several stacked horizons, early and mid-Upper Paleolithic, including Initial Upper Paleolithic, Aurignacian, Gravettian and local Gorodsovian (similar to UHB)Chalky Loam: upper alluvium stratified with coarse deposits Controversy: Late Early Upper Paleolithic at Kostenki In 2007, the excavators at Kostenki (Anikovich et al.) reported that they had identified occupation levels within and below the ash level. They found the remnants of the Early Upper Paleolithic culture called the Aurignacian Dufour, numerous small bladelets quite similar to lithic tools found in similarly dated sites in western Europe. Prior to Kostenki, the Aurignacian sequence was considered the oldest component associated with modern humans at archaeological sites in Europe, underlain by Mousterian-like deposits representing Neanderthals. At Kostenki, a sophisticated tool kit of prismatic blades, burins, bone antler, and ivory artifacts, and small perforated shell ornaments lies below the CI Tephra and Aurignacian Dufour assemblage: these were identified as an earlier presence of modern humans in Eurasia than previously recognized. The discovery of modern human cultural material below the tephra was quite controversial at the time it was reported, and a debate about the context and date of the tephra arose. That debate was a complex one, best addressed elsewhere. Read more about the Pre-Aurignacian deposits at Kostenki Comments from John Hoffecker concerning initial criticism of the age of the site Since 2007, additional sites such as Byzovaya and Mamontovaya Kurya have lent additional support to the presence of early modern human occupations of the eastern Plains of Russia. Kostenki 14, also known as Markina Gora, is the main site at Kostenki, and it has been found to contain genetic evidence concerning the migration of early modern humans from Africa into Eurasia. Markina Gora is located on the flank of a ravine cut into one of the river terraces. The site covers hundred of meters of sediment within seven cultural levels. Cultural Layer (CL) I, in the Cover Loam, 26,500-27,600 cal BP, Kostenki-Avdeevo cultureCL II, within the Upper Humic Bed (UHB), 31,500-33,600 cal BP, Gorodsovian, mid Upper Paleolithic mammoth bone industryCL III, UHB, 33,200-35,300 cal BP, blade-based and bone industry, Gorodsovian, Mid Upper PaleolithicLVA (layer in volcanic ash, 39,300 cal BP), small assemblage, unipolar blades and Dufour bladelets, AurignacianCL IV in the Lower Humic Bed (LHB), older than the tephra, undiagnostic blade-dominated industryCL IVa, LHB, 36,000-39,100, a few lithics, large numbers of horse bones (at least 50 individual animals)Fossil Soil, LHB, 37,500-40,800 cal BPCL IVb, LHB, 39,900-42,200 cal BP, distinctive Upper Paleolithic, endscrapers, possible horse head out of carved mammoth ivory, human tooth (EMH) A complete early modern human skeleton was recovered from Kostenki 14 in 1954, buried in a tightly flexed position in a oval burial pit (99x39 centimeters or 39x15 inches) which had been dug through the ash layer and then was sealed by Cultural Layer III. The skeleton was direct-dated to 36,262-38,684 cal BP. The skeleton represents an adult man, 20-25 years old with a robust skull and short stature (1.6 meters [5 foot 3 inches]). A few stone flakes, animal bones and a sprinkle of dark red pigment were found in the burial pit. Based on its location within the strata, the skeleton can be generally dated to the Early Upper Paleolithic period. Genomic Sequence from Markina Gora Skeleton In 2014, Eske Willerslev and associates (Seguin-Orlando et al) reported the genomic structure of the skeleton at Markina Gora. They perfomed 12 DNA extractions from the skeletons left arm bone, and compared the sequence to the growing numbers of ancient and modern DNA. They identified genetic relationships between Kostenki 14 and Neanderthalsmore evidence that early modern humans and Neanderthals interbredas well as genetic connections to the Malta individual from Siberia and European Neolithic farmers. Further, they found a fairly distant relationship to Australo-Melanesian or eastern Asian populations. The Markina Gora skeletons DNA indicates a deep-aged human migration out of Africa separate from that of Asian populations, supporting the Southern Dispersal Route as a possible corridor for population of those areas. All humans are derived from the same populations in Africa; but we colonized the world in different waves and perhaps along different exit routes. The genomic data recovered from Markina Gora is further evidence that the population of our world by humans was very complex, and we have a long way to go before we understand it. Excavations at Kostenki Kostenki was discovered in 1879; and a long series of excavations have followed. Kostenki 14 was discovered by P.P. Efimenko in 1928 and has been excavated since the 1950s via a series of trenches. The oldest occupations at the site were reported in 2007, where the combination of great age and sophistication created quite a stir. Sources This glossary entry is a part of the About.com guide to Upper Paleolithic , and the Dictionary of Archaeology. Anikovich MV, Sinitsyn AA, Hoffecker JF, Holliday VT, Popov VV, Lisitsyn SN, Forman SL, Levkovskaya GM, Pospelova GA, Kuzmina IE et al. 2007. Early Upper Paleolithic in Eastern Europe and Implications for the Dispersal of Modern Humans. Science 315(5809):223-226. Hoffecker JF. 2011. The early upper Paleolithic of eastern Europe reconsidered. Evolutionary Anthropology: Issues, News, and Reviews 20(1):24-39. Revedin A, Aranguren B, Becattini R, Longo L, Marconi E, Mariotti Lippi M, Skakun N, Sinitsyn A, Spiridonova E, and Svoboda J. 2010. Thirty thousand-year-old evidence of plant food processing. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 107(44):18815-18819. Seguin-Orlando A, Korneliussen TS, Sikora M, Malaspinas A-S, Manica A, Moltke I, Albrechtsen A, Ko A, Margaryan A, Moiseyev V et al. 2014. Genomic structure in Europeans dating back at least 36,200 years. ScienceExpress 6 November 2014(6 November 2014) doi: 10.1126/science.aaa0114. Soffer O, Adovasio JM, Illingworth JS, Amirkhanov H, Praslov ND, and Street M. 2000. Palaeolithic perishables made permanent. Antiquity 74:812-821. Svendsen JI, Heggen HP, Hufthammer AK, Mangerud J, Pavlov P, and Roebroeks W. 2010. Geo-archaeological investigations of Palaeolithic sites along the Ural Mountains - On the northern presence of humans during the last Ice Age. Quaternary Science Reviews 29(23-24):3138-3156. Svoboda JA. 2007. The Gravettian on the Middle Danube. Paleobiology 19:203-220. Velichko AA, Pisareva VV, Sedov SN, Sinitsyn AA, and Timireva SN. 2009. Paleogeography of Kostenki-14 (Markina Gora). Archaeology, Ethnology and Anthropology of Eurasia 37(4):35-50. doi: 10.1016/j.aeae.2010.02.002

The Kostenki Archaeological Sites

The Kostenki Archaeological Sites Kostenki refers to a complex of open-air archaeological sites located in the Pokrovsky Valley of Russia, on the west bank of the Don River, about 400 kilometers (250 miles) south of Moscow and 40 km (25 mi) south of the city of Voronezh, Russia. Together, they contain important evidence concerning the timing and complexity of the various waves of anatomically modern humans as they left Africa some 100,000 or more years ago The main site (Kostenki 14, see page 2) is located near the mouth of a small steep ravine; the upper reaches of this ravine contain evidence of a handful of other Upper Paleolithic occupations. The Kostenki sites lie deeply buried (between 10-20 meters [30-60 feet]) beneath the modern surface. The sites were buried by alluvium which was deposited by the Don River and its tributaries beginning at least 50,000 years ago. Terrace Stratigraphy The occupations at Kostenki include several Late Early Upper Paleolithic levels, dated between 42,000 to 30,000 calibrated years ago (cal BP). Smack dab in the middle of those levels is a layer of volcanic ash, associated with the volcanic eruptions of the Phlegrean Fields of Italy (aka Campanian Ignimbrite or CI Tephra), which erupted about 39,300 cal BP. The stratigraphic sequence at the Kostenki sites are broadly described as containing six main units: Modern levels at the top: black, highly humic soil with abundant bioturbation, churning by living animals, in this case mainly burrowing by rodents.Cover Loam: loess-like deposit with several stacked occupations dated to the Eastern Gravettian (such as Kostenki 1 at 29,000 cal BP; and Epi-Gravettian (Kostenki 11, 14,000-19,000 cal BP)Upper Humic Complex/Bed (UHB): yellowish chalky loam with several stacked occupations, early and mid-Upper Paleolithic, including Initial Upper Paleolithic, Aurignacian, Gravettian and local GorodsovianWhitish Loam: homogenous loam with some sub-horizontal lamination and in the lower part in situ or reworked volcanic ash (CI Tephra, independently dated 39,300 years agoLower Humic Complex/Bed (LHB): stratified loamy deposits with several stacked horizons, early and mid-Upper Paleolithic, including Initial Upper Paleolithic, Aurignacian, Gravettian and local Gorodsovian (similar to UHB)Chalky Loam: upper alluvium stratified with coarse deposits Controversy: Late Early Upper Paleolithic at Kostenki In 2007, the excavators at Kostenki (Anikovich et al.) reported that they had identified occupation levels within and below the ash level. They found the remnants of the Early Upper Paleolithic culture called the Aurignacian Dufour, numerous small bladelets quite similar to lithic tools found in similarly dated sites in western Europe. Prior to Kostenki, the Aurignacian sequence was considered the oldest component associated with modern humans at archaeological sites in Europe, underlain by Mousterian-like deposits representing Neanderthals. At Kostenki, a sophisticated tool kit of prismatic blades, burins, bone antler, and ivory artifacts, and small perforated shell ornaments lies below the CI Tephra and Aurignacian Dufour assemblage: these were identified as an earlier presence of modern humans in Eurasia than previously recognized. The discovery of modern human cultural material below the tephra was quite controversial at the time it was reported, and a debate about the context and date of the tephra arose. That debate was a complex one, best addressed elsewhere. Read more about the Pre-Aurignacian deposits at Kostenki Comments from John Hoffecker concerning initial criticism of the age of the site Since 2007, additional sites such as Byzovaya and Mamontovaya Kurya have lent additional support to the presence of early modern human occupations of the eastern Plains of Russia. Kostenki 14, also known as Markina Gora, is the main site at Kostenki, and it has been found to contain genetic evidence concerning the migration of early modern humans from Africa into Eurasia. Markina Gora is located on the flank of a ravine cut into one of the river terraces. The site covers hundred of meters of sediment within seven cultural levels. Cultural Layer (CL) I, in the Cover Loam, 26,500-27,600 cal BP, Kostenki-Avdeevo cultureCL II, within the Upper Humic Bed (UHB), 31,500-33,600 cal BP, Gorodsovian, mid Upper Paleolithic mammoth bone industryCL III, UHB, 33,200-35,300 cal BP, blade-based and bone industry, Gorodsovian, Mid Upper PaleolithicLVA (layer in volcanic ash, 39,300 cal BP), small assemblage, unipolar blades and Dufour bladelets, AurignacianCL IV in the Lower Humic Bed (LHB), older than the tephra, undiagnostic blade-dominated industryCL IVa, LHB, 36,000-39,100, a few lithics, large numbers of horse bones (at least 50 individual animals)Fossil Soil, LHB, 37,500-40,800 cal BPCL IVb, LHB, 39,900-42,200 cal BP, distinctive Upper Paleolithic, endscrapers, possible horse head out of carved mammoth ivory, human tooth (EMH) A complete early modern human skeleton was recovered from Kostenki 14 in 1954, buried in a tightly flexed position in a oval burial pit (99x39 centimeters or 39x15 inches) which had been dug through the ash layer and then was sealed by Cultural Layer III. The skeleton was direct-dated to 36,262-38,684 cal BP. The skeleton represents an adult man, 20-25 years old with a robust skull and short stature (1.6 meters [5 foot 3 inches]). A few stone flakes, animal bones and a sprinkle of dark red pigment were found in the burial pit. Based on its location within the strata, the skeleton can be generally dated to the Early Upper Paleolithic period. Genomic Sequence from Markina Gora Skeleton In 2014, Eske Willerslev and associates (Seguin-Orlando et al) reported the genomic structure of the skeleton at Markina Gora. They perfomed 12 DNA extractions from the skeletons left arm bone, and compared the sequence to the growing numbers of ancient and modern DNA. They identified genetic relationships between Kostenki 14 and Neanderthalsmore evidence that early modern humans and Neanderthals interbredas well as genetic connections to the Malta individual from Siberia and European Neolithic farmers. Further, they found a fairly distant relationship to Australo-Melanesian or eastern Asian populations. The Markina Gora skeletons DNA indicates a deep-aged human migration out of Africa separate from that of Asian populations, supporting the Southern Dispersal Route as a possible corridor for population of those areas. All humans are derived from the same populations in Africa; but we colonized the world in different waves and perhaps along different exit routes. The genomic data recovered from Markina Gora is further evidence that the population of our world by humans was very complex, and we have a long way to go before we understand it. Excavations at Kostenki Kostenki was discovered in 1879; and a long series of excavations have followed. Kostenki 14 was discovered by P.P. Efimenko in 1928 and has been excavated since the 1950s via a series of trenches. The oldest occupations at the site were reported in 2007, where the combination of great age and sophistication created quite a stir. Sources This glossary entry is a part of the About.com guide to Upper Paleolithic , and the Dictionary of Archaeology. Anikovich MV, Sinitsyn AA, Hoffecker JF, Holliday VT, Popov VV, Lisitsyn SN, Forman SL, Levkovskaya GM, Pospelova GA, Kuzmina IE et al. 2007. Early Upper Paleolithic in Eastern Europe and Implications for the Dispersal of Modern Humans. Science 315(5809):223-226. Hoffecker JF. 2011. The early upper Paleolithic of eastern Europe reconsidered. Evolutionary Anthropology: Issues, News, and Reviews 20(1):24-39. Revedin A, Aranguren B, Becattini R, Longo L, Marconi E, Mariotti Lippi M, Skakun N, Sinitsyn A, Spiridonova E, and Svoboda J. 2010. Thirty thousand-year-old evidence of plant food processing. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 107(44):18815-18819. Seguin-Orlando A, Korneliussen TS, Sikora M, Malaspinas A-S, Manica A, Moltke I, Albrechtsen A, Ko A, Margaryan A, Moiseyev V et al. 2014. Genomic structure in Europeans dating back at least 36,200 years. ScienceExpress 6 November 2014(6 November 2014) doi: 10.1126/science.aaa0114. Soffer O, Adovasio JM, Illingworth JS, Amirkhanov H, Praslov ND, and Street M. 2000. Palaeolithic perishables made permanent. Antiquity 74:812-821. Svendsen JI, Heggen HP, Hufthammer AK, Mangerud J, Pavlov P, and Roebroeks W. 2010. Geo-archaeological investigations of Palaeolithic sites along the Ural Mountains - On the northern presence of humans during the last Ice Age. Quaternary Science Reviews 29(23-24):3138-3156. Svoboda JA. 2007. The Gravettian on the Middle Danube. Paleobiology 19:203-220. Velichko AA, Pisareva VV, Sedov SN, Sinitsyn AA, and Timireva SN. 2009. Paleogeography of Kostenki-14 (Markina Gora). Archaeology, Ethnology and Anthropology of Eurasia 37(4):35-50. doi: 10.1016/j.aeae.2010.02.002

The Kostenki Archaeological Sites

The Kostenki Archaeological Sites Kostenki refers to a complex of open-air archaeological sites located in the Pokrovsky Valley of Russia, on the west bank of the Don River, about 400 kilometers (250 miles) south of Moscow and 40 km (25 mi) south of the city of Voronezh, Russia. Together, they contain important evidence concerning the timing and complexity of the various waves of anatomically modern humans as they left Africa some 100,000 or more years ago The main site (Kostenki 14, see page 2) is located near the mouth of a small steep ravine; the upper reaches of this ravine contain evidence of a handful of other Upper Paleolithic occupations. The Kostenki sites lie deeply buried (between 10-20 meters [30-60 feet]) beneath the modern surface. The sites were buried by alluvium which was deposited by the Don River and its tributaries beginning at least 50,000 years ago. Terrace Stratigraphy The occupations at Kostenki include several Late Early Upper Paleolithic levels, dated between 42,000 to 30,000 calibrated years ago (cal BP). Smack dab in the middle of those levels is a layer of volcanic ash, associated with the volcanic eruptions of the Phlegrean Fields of Italy (aka Campanian Ignimbrite or CI Tephra), which erupted about 39,300 cal BP. The stratigraphic sequence at the Kostenki sites are broadly described as containing six main units: Modern levels at the top: black, highly humic soil with abundant bioturbation, churning by living animals, in this case mainly burrowing by rodents.Cover Loam: loess-like deposit with several stacked occupations dated to the Eastern Gravettian (such as Kostenki 1 at 29,000 cal BP; and Epi-Gravettian (Kostenki 11, 14,000-19,000 cal BP)Upper Humic Complex/Bed (UHB): yellowish chalky loam with several stacked occupations, early and mid-Upper Paleolithic, including Initial Upper Paleolithic, Aurignacian, Gravettian and local GorodsovianWhitish Loam: homogenous loam with some sub-horizontal lamination and in the lower part in situ or reworked volcanic ash (CI Tephra, independently dated 39,300 years agoLower Humic Complex/Bed (LHB): stratified loamy deposits with several stacked horizons, early and mid-Upper Paleolithic, including Initial Upper Paleolithic, Aurignacian, Gravettian and local Gorodsovian (similar to UHB)Chalky Loam: upper alluvium stratified with coarse deposits Controversy: Late Early Upper Paleolithic at Kostenki In 2007, the excavators at Kostenki (Anikovich et al.) reported that they had identified occupation levels within and below the ash level. They found the remnants of the Early Upper Paleolithic culture called the Aurignacian Dufour, numerous small bladelets quite similar to lithic tools found in similarly dated sites in western Europe. Prior to Kostenki, the Aurignacian sequence was considered the oldest component associated with modern humans at archaeological sites in Europe, underlain by Mousterian-like deposits representing Neanderthals. At Kostenki, a sophisticated tool kit of prismatic blades, burins, bone antler, and ivory artifacts, and small perforated shell ornaments lies below the CI Tephra and Aurignacian Dufour assemblage: these were identified as an earlier presence of modern humans in Eurasia than previously recognized. The discovery of modern human cultural material below the tephra was quite controversial at the time it was reported, and a debate about the context and date of the tephra arose. That debate was a complex one, best addressed elsewhere. Read more about the Pre-Aurignacian deposits at Kostenki Comments from John Hoffecker concerning initial criticism of the age of the site Since 2007, additional sites such as Byzovaya and Mamontovaya Kurya have lent additional support to the presence of early modern human occupations of the eastern Plains of Russia. Kostenki 14, also known as Markina Gora, is the main site at Kostenki, and it has been found to contain genetic evidence concerning the migration of early modern humans from Africa into Eurasia. Markina Gora is located on the flank of a ravine cut into one of the river terraces. The site covers hundred of meters of sediment within seven cultural levels. Cultural Layer (CL) I, in the Cover Loam, 26,500-27,600 cal BP, Kostenki-Avdeevo cultureCL II, within the Upper Humic Bed (UHB), 31,500-33,600 cal BP, Gorodsovian, mid Upper Paleolithic mammoth bone industryCL III, UHB, 33,200-35,300 cal BP, blade-based and bone industry, Gorodsovian, Mid Upper PaleolithicLVA (layer in volcanic ash, 39,300 cal BP), small assemblage, unipolar blades and Dufour bladelets, AurignacianCL IV in the Lower Humic Bed (LHB), older than the tephra, undiagnostic blade-dominated industryCL IVa, LHB, 36,000-39,100, a few lithics, large numbers of horse bones (at least 50 individual animals)Fossil Soil, LHB, 37,500-40,800 cal BPCL IVb, LHB, 39,900-42,200 cal BP, distinctive Upper Paleolithic, endscrapers, possible horse head out of carved mammoth ivory, human tooth (EMH) A complete early modern human skeleton was recovered from Kostenki 14 in 1954, buried in a tightly flexed position in a oval burial pit (99x39 centimeters or 39x15 inches) which had been dug through the ash layer and then was sealed by Cultural Layer III. The skeleton was direct-dated to 36,262-38,684 cal BP. The skeleton represents an adult man, 20-25 years old with a robust skull and short stature (1.6 meters [5 foot 3 inches]). A few stone flakes, animal bones and a sprinkle of dark red pigment were found in the burial pit. Based on its location within the strata, the skeleton can be generally dated to the Early Upper Paleolithic period. Genomic Sequence from Markina Gora Skeleton In 2014, Eske Willerslev and associates (Seguin-Orlando et al) reported the genomic structure of the skeleton at Markina Gora. They perfomed 12 DNA extractions from the skeletons left arm bone, and compared the sequence to the growing numbers of ancient and modern DNA. They identified genetic relationships between Kostenki 14 and Neanderthalsmore evidence that early modern humans and Neanderthals interbredas well as genetic connections to the Malta individual from Siberia and European Neolithic farmers. Further, they found a fairly distant relationship to Australo-Melanesian or eastern Asian populations. The Markina Gora skeletons DNA indicates a deep-aged human migration out of Africa separate from that of Asian populations, supporting the Southern Dispersal Route as a possible corridor for population of those areas. All humans are derived from the same populations in Africa; but we colonized the world in different waves and perhaps along different exit routes. The genomic data recovered from Markina Gora is further evidence that the population of our world by humans was very complex, and we have a long way to go before we understand it. Excavations at Kostenki Kostenki was discovered in 1879; and a long series of excavations have followed. Kostenki 14 was discovered by P.P. Efimenko in 1928 and has been excavated since the 1950s via a series of trenches. The oldest occupations at the site were reported in 2007, where the combination of great age and sophistication created quite a stir. Sources This glossary entry is a part of the About.com guide to Upper Paleolithic , and the Dictionary of Archaeology. Anikovich MV, Sinitsyn AA, Hoffecker JF, Holliday VT, Popov VV, Lisitsyn SN, Forman SL, Levkovskaya GM, Pospelova GA, Kuzmina IE et al. 2007. Early Upper Paleolithic in Eastern Europe and Implications for the Dispersal of Modern Humans. Science 315(5809):223-226. Hoffecker JF. 2011. The early upper Paleolithic of eastern Europe reconsidered. Evolutionary Anthropology: Issues, News, and Reviews 20(1):24-39. Revedin A, Aranguren B, Becattini R, Longo L, Marconi E, Mariotti Lippi M, Skakun N, Sinitsyn A, Spiridonova E, and Svoboda J. 2010. Thirty thousand-year-old evidence of plant food processing. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 107(44):18815-18819. Seguin-Orlando A, Korneliussen TS, Sikora M, Malaspinas A-S, Manica A, Moltke I, Albrechtsen A, Ko A, Margaryan A, Moiseyev V et al. 2014. Genomic structure in Europeans dating back at least 36,200 years. ScienceExpress 6 November 2014(6 November 2014) doi: 10.1126/science.aaa0114. Soffer O, Adovasio JM, Illingworth JS, Amirkhanov H, Praslov ND, and Street M. 2000. Palaeolithic perishables made permanent. Antiquity 74:812-821. Svendsen JI, Heggen HP, Hufthammer AK, Mangerud J, Pavlov P, and Roebroeks W. 2010. Geo-archaeological investigations of Palaeolithic sites along the Ural Mountains - On the northern presence of humans during the last Ice Age. Quaternary Science Reviews 29(23-24):3138-3156. Svoboda JA. 2007. The Gravettian on the Middle Danube. Paleobiology 19:203-220. Velichko AA, Pisareva VV, Sedov SN, Sinitsyn AA, and Timireva SN. 2009. Paleogeography of Kostenki-14 (Markina Gora). Archaeology, Ethnology and Anthropology of Eurasia 37(4):35-50. doi: 10.1016/j.aeae.2010.02.002